food 101 keras
1.0.0
from IPython . display import HTML , Image
url = 'http://stratospark.com/demos/food-101/'
el = '<' + 'iframe src="{}"' . format ( url ) + ' width="100%" height=600></iframe>' # prevent notebook render bug
HTML ( el )Jika Anda membaca ini di GitHub, demo terlihat seperti ini. Silakan ikuti tautan di bawah ini untuk melihat demo langsung di blog saya.
Image ( 'demo.jpg' )
Demo tersedia @ http://blog.stratospark.com/deep-learning-applied-food-classification-deep-learning-keras.html
Kode tersedia @ https://github.com/stratospark/food-101-keras
Pembaruan
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), sebuah teknik dalam bidang pembelajaran mendalam yang lebih luas, telah menjadi kekuatan revolusioner dalam aplikasi visi komputer, terutama dalam setengah dekade terakhir atau lebih. Salah satu kasus penggunaan utama adalah klasifikasi gambar, misalnya menentukan apakah gambar adalah anjing atau kucing.
Anda tidak perlu membatasi diri pada classifier biner tentu saja; CNN dapat dengan mudah skala ke ribuan kelas yang berbeda, seperti yang terlihat dalam dataset Imagenet yang terkenal dari 1000 kelas, yang digunakan untuk membandingkan kinerja algoritma visi komputer.
Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, teknik canggih ini sudah mulai tersedia untuk komunitas pengembangan perangkat lunak yang lebih luas. Paket kekuatan industri seperti TensorFlow telah memberi kami blok bangunan yang sama dengan yang digunakan Google untuk menulis aplikasi pembelajaran yang mendalam untuk perangkat tertanam/seluler ke kluster yang dapat diskalakan di cloud - tanpa harus meng -bandkus operasi matriks GPU, gradien turunan parsial, dan pengoptimal stokastik GPU yang memungkinkan aplikasi yang efisien.
Di atas semua ini, adalah API yang ramah pengguna seperti keras yang secara abstrak jauh dari beberapa detail tingkat bawah dan memungkinkan kami untuk fokus pada prototipe grafik komputasi pembelajaran yang mendalam dengan cepat. Sama seperti kami akan mencampur dan mencocokkan Lego untuk mendapatkan hasil yang diinginkan.
Sebagai proyek pengantar untuk diri saya sendiri, saya memilih untuk menggunakan classifier gambar pra-terlatih yang datang dengan keras, dan melatihnya kembali pada dataset yang menurut saya menarik. Saya sangat menyukai makanan enak dan memasak di rumah, jadi sesuatu di sepanjang garis itu menggugah selera.
Dalam makalah ini, komponen diskriminatif penambangan makanan-101 dengan hutan acak, mereka memperkenalkan dataset Food-101. Ada 101 kelas makanan yang berbeda, dengan 1000 gambar berlabel per kelas tersedia untuk pelatihan yang diawasi.
Saya terinspirasi oleh posting blog KERAS ini: Membangun model klasifikasi gambar yang kuat menggunakan data yang sangat sedikit, dan skrip terkait yang saya temukan di GitHub: keras-finetuning.
Saya membangun sistem baru -baru ini untuk tujuan bereksperimen dengan pembelajaran yang mendalam. Komponen utama adalah NVIDIA Titan x Pascal dengan memori 12 GB, 96 GB RAM sistem, serta Intel Core i7 12-core. Ini menjalankan 64-bit Ubuntu 16.04 dan menggunakan distribusi Anaconda Python. Sayangnya, Anda tidak akan dapat mengikuti buku catatan ini di sistem Anda sendiri kecuali Anda memiliki cukup RAM. Di masa depan, saya ingin belajar cara menangani lebih besar dari set data RAM dengan cara yang berkinerja. Harap hubungi jika Anda punya ide!
Saya telah menghabiskan sekitar 1 bulan di dan off membangun proyek ini, mencoba melatih lusinan model dan mengeksplorasi berbagai bidang seperti multiprosesing untuk augmentasi gambar yang lebih cepat. Ini adalah versi notebook yang dibersihkan yang berisi model berkinerja terbaik saya pada 22 Januari 2017.
Setelah menyempurnakan model Google InceptionV3 pra-terlatih, saya dapat mencapai sekitar 82,03% akurasi top-1 pada set tes menggunakan satu tanaman per item. Menggunakan 10 tanaman per contoh dan mengambil kelas prediksi yang paling sering, saya dapat mencapai akurasi top-1 86,97% dan akurasi top-5 97,42%
Yang lain telah mampu mencapai hasil yang lebih akurat:
Terapkan! Lihat: http://blog.stratospark.com/creating-a-deep-learning-ios-app-with-keras-and-tensorflow.html
Mari kita impor semua paket yang dibutuhkan untuk sisa buku catatan:
import matplotlib . pyplot as plt
import matplotlib . image as img
import numpy as np
from scipy . misc import imresize
% matplotlib inline
import os
from os import listdir
from os . path import isfile , join
import shutil
import stat
import collections
from collections import defaultdict
from ipywidgets import interact , interactive , fixed
import ipywidgets as widgets
import h5py
from sklearn . model_selection import train_test_split
from keras . utils . np_utils import to_categorical
from keras . applications . inception_v3 import preprocess_input
from keras . models import load_model Using TensorFlow backend.
Unduh dataset dan ekstrak di dalam folder notebook. Mungkin lebih mudah untuk melakukan ini di jendela terminal terpisah.
# !wget http://data.vision.ee.ethz.ch/cvl/food-101.tar.gz # !tar xzvf food-101.tar.gzMari kita lihat jenis makanan apa yang diwakili di sini:
!l s food - 101 / images apple_pie eggs_benedict onion_rings
baby_back_ribs escargots oysters
baklava falafel pad_thai
beef_carpaccio filet_mignon paella
beef_tartare fish_and_chips pancakes
beet_salad foie_gras panna_cotta
beignets french_fries peking_duck
bibimbap french_onion_soup pho
bread_pudding french_toast pizza
breakfast_burrito fried_calamari pork_chop
bruschetta fried_rice poutine
caesar_salad frozen_yogurt prime_rib
cannoli garlic_bread pulled_pork_sandwich
caprese_salad gnocchi ramen
carrot_cake greek_salad ravioli
ceviche grilled_cheese_sandwich red_velvet_cake
cheesecake grilled_salmon risotto
cheese_plate guacamole samosa
chicken_curry gyoza sashimi
chicken_quesadilla hamburger scallops
chicken_wings hot_and_sour_soup seaweed_salad
chocolate_cake hot_dog shrimp_and_grits
chocolate_mousse huevos_rancheros spaghetti_bolognese
churros hummus spaghetti_carbonara
clam_chowder ice_cream spring_rolls
club_sandwich lasagna steak
crab_cakes lobster_bisque strawberry_shortcake
creme_brulee lobster_roll_sandwich sushi
croque_madame macaroni_and_cheese tacos
cup_cakes macarons takoyaki
deviled_eggs miso_soup tiramisu
donuts mussels tuna_tartare
dumplings nachos waffles
edamame omelette
!l s food - 101 / images / apple_pie / | head - 10 1005649.jpg
1011328.jpg
101251.jpg
1014775.jpg
1026328.jpg
1028787.jpg
1034399.jpg
103801.jpg
1038694.jpg
1043283.jpg
ls: write error: Broken pipe
Mari kita lihat beberapa gambar acak dari setiap kelas makanan. Anda dapat mengklik kanan dan membuka gambar di jendela baru atau menyimpannya untuk melihatnya pada resolusi yang lebih tinggi.
root_dir = 'food-101/images/'
rows = 17
cols = 6
fig , ax = plt . subplots ( rows , cols , frameon = False , figsize = ( 15 , 25 ))
fig . suptitle ( 'Random Image from Each Food Class' , fontsize = 20 )
sorted_food_dirs = sorted ( os . listdir ( root_dir ))
for i in range ( rows ):
for j in range ( cols ):
try :
food_dir = sorted_food_dirs [ i * cols + j ]
except :
break
all_files = os . listdir ( os . path . join ( root_dir , food_dir ))
rand_img = np . random . choice ( all_files )
img = plt . imread ( os . path . join ( root_dir , food_dir , rand_img ))
ax [ i ][ j ]. imshow ( img )
ec = ( 0 , .6 , .1 )
fc = ( 0 , .7 , .2 )
ax [ i ][ j ]. text ( 0 , - 20 , food_dir , size = 10 , rotation = 0 ,
ha = "left" , va = "top" ,
bbox = dict ( boxstyle = "round" , ec = ec , fc = fc ))
plt . setp ( ax , xticks = [], yticks = [])
plt . tight_layout ( rect = [ 0 , 0.03 , 1 , 0.95 ])
multiprocessing.Pool akan digunakan untuk mempercepat augmentasi gambar selama pelatihan.
# Setup multiprocessing pool
# Do this early, as once images are loaded into memory there will be Errno 12
# http://stackoverflow.com/questions/14749897/python-multiprocessing-memory-usage
import multiprocessing as mp
num_processes = 6
pool = mp . Pool ( processes = num_processes )Kami membutuhkan peta dari kelas ke indeks dan sebaliknya, untuk pengkodean label yang tepat dan pencetakan yang cantik.
class_to_ix = {}
ix_to_class = {}
with open ( 'food-101/meta/classes.txt' , 'r' ) as txt :
classes = [ l . strip () for l in txt . readlines ()]
class_to_ix = dict ( zip ( classes , range ( len ( classes ))))
ix_to_class = dict ( zip ( range ( len ( classes )), classes ))
class_to_ix = { v : k for k , v in ix_to_class . items ()}
sorted_class_to_ix = collections . OrderedDict ( sorted ( class_to_ix . items ()))Dataset Food-101 memiliki split kereta/tes yang disediakan. Kami ingin menggunakan ini untuk membandingkan kinerja klasifikasi kami dengan implementasi lainnya.
# Only split files if haven't already
if not os . path . isdir ( './food-101/test' ) and not os . path . isdir ( './food-101/train' ):
def copytree ( src , dst , symlinks = False , ignore = None ):
if not os . path . exists ( dst ):
os . makedirs ( dst )
shutil . copystat ( src , dst )
lst = os . listdir ( src )
if ignore :
excl = ignore ( src , lst )
lst = [ x for x in lst if x not in excl ]
for item in lst :
s = os . path . join ( src , item )
d = os . path . join ( dst , item )
if symlinks and os . path . islink ( s ):
if os . path . lexists ( d ):
os . remove ( d )
os . symlink ( os . readlink ( s ), d )
try :
st = os . lstat ( s )
mode = stat . S_IMODE ( st . st_mode )
os . lchmod ( d , mode )
except :
pass # lchmod not available
elif os . path . isdir ( s ):
copytree ( s , d , symlinks , ignore )
else :
shutil . copy2 ( s , d )
def generate_dir_file_map ( path ):
dir_files = defaultdict ( list )
with open ( path , 'r' ) as txt :
files = [ l . strip () for l in txt . readlines ()]
for f in files :
dir_name , id = f . split ( '/' )
dir_files [ dir_name ]. append ( id + '.jpg' )
return dir_files
train_dir_files = generate_dir_file_map ( 'food-101/meta/train.txt' )
test_dir_files = generate_dir_file_map ( 'food-101/meta/test.txt' )
def ignore_train ( d , filenames ):
print ( d )
subdir = d . split ( '/' )[ - 1 ]
to_ignore = train_dir_files [ subdir ]
return to_ignore
def ignore_test ( d , filenames ):
print ( d )
subdir = d . split ( '/' )[ - 1 ]
to_ignore = test_dir_files [ subdir ]
return to_ignore
copytree ( 'food-101/images' , 'food-101/test' , ignore = ignore_train )
copytree ( 'food-101/images' , 'food-101/train' , ignore = ignore_test )
else :
print ( 'Train/Test files already copied into separate folders.' ) Train/Test files already copied into separate folders.
Kami sekarang siap untuk memuat pelatihan dan menguji gambar ke dalam memori. Setelah semuanya dimuat, sekitar 80 GB memori akan dialokasikan.
Gambar apa pun yang memiliki lebar atau panjang lebih kecil dari min_size akan diubah ukurannya. Ini agar kita dapat mengambil tanaman berukuran tepat selama augmentasi gambar.
% % time
# Load dataset images and resize to meet minimum width and height pixel size
def load_images ( root , min_side = 299 ):
all_imgs = []
all_classes = []
resize_count = 0
invalid_count = 0
for i , subdir in enumerate ( listdir ( root )):
imgs = listdir ( join ( root , subdir ))
class_ix = class_to_ix [ subdir ]
print ( i , class_ix , subdir )
for img_name in imgs :
img_arr = img . imread ( join ( root , subdir , img_name ))
img_arr_rs = img_arr
try :
w , h , _ = img_arr . shape
if w < min_side :
wpercent = ( min_side / float ( w ))
hsize = int (( float ( h ) * float ( wpercent )))
#print('new dims:', min_side, hsize)
img_arr_rs = imresize ( img_arr , ( min_side , hsize ))
resize_count += 1
elif h < min_side :
hpercent = ( min_side / float ( h ))
wsize = int (( float ( w ) * float ( hpercent )))
#print('new dims:', wsize, min_side)
img_arr_rs = imresize ( img_arr , ( wsize , min_side ))
resize_count += 1
all_imgs . append ( img_arr_rs )
all_classes . append ( class_ix )
except :
print ( 'Skipping bad image: ' , subdir , img_name )
invalid_count += 1
print ( len ( all_imgs ), 'images loaded' )
print ( resize_count , 'images resized' )
print ( invalid_count , 'images skipped' )
return np . array ( all_imgs ), np . array ( all_classes )
X_test , y_test = load_images ( 'food-101/test' , min_side = 299 ) 0 41 french_onion_soup
1 99 tuna_tartare
2 2 baklava
3 12 cannoli
4 8 bread_pudding
5 58 ice_cream
6 63 macarons
7 38 fish_and_chips
8 3 beef_carpaccio
9 59 lasagna
10 84 risotto
11 53 hamburger
12 7 bibimbap
13 15 ceviche
14 92 spring_rolls
15 78 poutine
16 76 pizza
17 19 chicken_quesadilla
18 71 paella
19 11 caesar_salad
20 30 deviled_eggs
21 40 french_fries
22 25 club_sandwich
23 77 pork_chop
24 31 donuts
25 93 steak
26 43 fried_calamari
27 52 gyoza
28 20 chicken_wings
29 47 gnocchi
30 46 garlic_bread
31 81 ramen
32 86 sashimi
33 100 waffles
34 60 lobster_bisque
35 23 churros
36 1 baby_back_ribs
37 0 apple_pie
38 27 creme_brulee
39 79 prime_rib
40 54 hot_and_sour_soup
41 55 hot_dog
42 82 ravioli
43 66 nachos
44 85 samosa
45 95 sushi
46 70 pad_thai
47 87 scallops
48 42 french_toast
49 13 caprese_salad
50 21 chocolate_cake
51 83 red_velvet_cake
52 88 seaweed_salad
53 96 tacos
54 16 cheesecake
55 90 spaghetti_bolognese
56 94 strawberry_shortcake
57 64 miso_soup
58 98 tiramisu
59 74 peking_duck
60 17 cheese_plate
61 69 oysters
62 14 carrot_cake
63 6 beignets
64 61 lobster_roll_sandwich
65 45 frozen_yogurt
66 24 clam_chowder
67 9 breakfast_burrito
68 72 pancakes
69 32 dumplings
70 57 hummus
71 10 bruschetta
72 44 fried_rice
73 97 takoyaki
74 50 grilled_salmon
75 4 beef_tartare
76 89 shrimp_and_grits
77 28 croque_madame
78 49 grilled_cheese_sandwich
79 80 pulled_pork_sandwich
80 56 huevos_rancheros
81 35 escargots
82 91 spaghetti_carbonara
83 34 eggs_benedict
84 33 edamame
85 22 chocolate_mousse
86 18 chicken_curry
87 65 mussels
88 36 falafel
89 37 filet_mignon
90 26 crab_cakes
91 48 greek_salad
92 5 beet_salad
93 51 guacamole
94 29 cup_cakes
95 68 onion_rings
96 39 foie_gras
97 67 omelette
98 73 panna_cotta
99 75 pho
100 62 macaroni_and_cheese
25250 images loaded
693 images resized
0 images skipped
CPU times: user 1min 18s, sys: 4.82 s, total: 1min 23s
Wall time: 1min 23s
% % time
X_train , y_train = load_images ( 'food-101/train' , min_side = 299 ) 0 41 french_onion_soup
1 99 tuna_tartare
2 2 baklava
3 12 cannoli
4 8 bread_pudding
Skipping bad image: bread_pudding 1375816.jpg
5 58 ice_cream
6 63 macarons
7 38 fish_and_chips
8 3 beef_carpaccio
9 59 lasagna
Skipping bad image: lasagna 3787908.jpg
10 84 risotto
11 53 hamburger
12 7 bibimbap
13 15 ceviche
14 92 spring_rolls
15 78 poutine
16 76 pizza
17 19 chicken_quesadilla
18 71 paella
19 11 caesar_salad
20 30 deviled_eggs
21 40 french_fries
22 25 club_sandwich
23 77 pork_chop
24 31 donuts
25 93 steak
Skipping bad image: steak 1340977.jpg
26 43 fried_calamari
27 52 gyoza
28 20 chicken_wings
29 47 gnocchi
30 46 garlic_bread
31 81 ramen
32 86 sashimi
33 100 waffles
34 60 lobster_bisque
35 23 churros
36 1 baby_back_ribs
37 0 apple_pie
38 27 creme_brulee
39 79 prime_rib
40 54 hot_and_sour_soup
41 55 hot_dog
42 82 ravioli
43 66 nachos
44 85 samosa
45 95 sushi
46 70 pad_thai
47 87 scallops
48 42 french_toast
49 13 caprese_salad
50 21 chocolate_cake
51 83 red_velvet_cake
52 88 seaweed_salad
53 96 tacos
54 16 cheesecake
55 90 spaghetti_bolognese
56 94 strawberry_shortcake
57 64 miso_soup
58 98 tiramisu
59 74 peking_duck
60 17 cheese_plate
61 69 oysters
62 14 carrot_cake
63 6 beignets
64 61 lobster_roll_sandwich
65 45 frozen_yogurt
66 24 clam_chowder
67 9 breakfast_burrito
68 72 pancakes
69 32 dumplings
70 57 hummus
71 10 bruschetta
72 44 fried_rice
73 97 takoyaki
74 50 grilled_salmon
75 4 beef_tartare
76 89 shrimp_and_grits
77 28 croque_madame
78 49 grilled_cheese_sandwich
79 80 pulled_pork_sandwich
80 56 huevos_rancheros
81 35 escargots
82 91 spaghetti_carbonara
83 34 eggs_benedict
84 33 edamame
85 22 chocolate_mousse
86 18 chicken_curry
87 65 mussels
88 36 falafel
89 37 filet_mignon
90 26 crab_cakes
91 48 greek_salad
92 5 beet_salad
93 51 guacamole
94 29 cup_cakes
95 68 onion_rings
96 39 foie_gras
97 67 omelette
98 73 panna_cotta
99 75 pho
100 62 macaroni_and_cheese
75747 images loaded
2091 images resized
3 images skipped
CPU times: user 3min 51s, sys: 13.9 s, total: 4min 5s
Wall time: 4min 5s
print ( 'X_train shape' , X_train . shape )
print ( 'y_train shape' , y_train . shape )
print ( 'X_test shape' , X_test . shape )
print ( 'y_test shape' , y_test . shape ) X_train shape (75747,)
y_train shape (75747,)
X_test shape (25250,)
y_test shape (25250,)
@ interact ( n = ( 0 , len ( X_train )))
def show_pic ( n ):
plt . imshow ( X_train [ n ])
print ( 'class:' , y_train [ n ], ix_to_class [ y_train [ n ]]) class: 21 chocolate_cake
@ interact ( n = ( 0 , len ( X_test )))
def show_pic ( n ):
plt . imshow ( X_test [ n ])
print ( 'class:' , y_test [ n ], ix_to_class [ y_test [ n ]]) class: 21 chocolate_cake
@ interact ( n_class = sorted_class_to_ix )
def show_random_images_of_class ( n_class = 0 ):
print ( n_class )
nrows = 4
ncols = 8
fig , axes = plt . subplots ( nrows = nrows , ncols = ncols )
fig . set_size_inches ( 12 , 8 )
#fig.tight_layout()
imgs = np . random . choice (( y_train == n_class ). nonzero ()[ 0 ], nrows * ncols )
for i , ax in enumerate ( axes . flat ):
im = ax . imshow ( X_train [ imgs [ i ]])
ax . set_axis_off ()
ax . title . set_visible ( False )
ax . xaxis . set_ticks ([])
ax . yaxis . set_ticks ([])
for spine in ax . spines . values ():
spine . set_visible ( False )
plt . subplots_adjust ( left = 0 , wspace = 0 , hspace = 0 )
plt . show () 0
@ interact ( n_class = sorted_class_to_ix )
def show_random_images_of_class ( n_class = 0 ):
print ( n_class )
nrows = 4
ncols = 8
fig , axes = plt . subplots ( nrows = nrows , ncols = ncols )
fig . set_size_inches ( 12 , 8 )
#fig.tight_layout()
imgs = np . random . choice (( y_test == n_class ). nonzero ()[ 0 ], nrows * ncols )
for i , ax in enumerate ( axes . flat ):
im = ax . imshow ( X_test [ imgs [ i ]])
ax . set_axis_off ()
ax . title . set_visible ( False )
ax . xaxis . set_ticks ([])
ax . yaxis . set_ticks ([])
for spine in ax . spines . values ():
spine . set_visible ( False )
plt . subplots_adjust ( left = 0 , wspace = 0 , hspace = 0 )
plt . show () 0
Kita perlu menyandikan setiap nilai label untuk membuat vektor fitur biner daripada satu fitur yang dapat mengambil nilai n_classes .
from keras . utils . np_utils import to_categorical
n_classes = 101
y_train_cat = to_categorical ( y_train , nb_classes = n_classes )
y_test_cat = to_categorical ( y_test , nb_classes = n_classes ) from keras . applications . inception_v3 import InceptionV3
from keras . applications . inception_v3 import preprocess_input , decode_predictions
from keras . preprocessing import image
from keras . layers import Input
import tools . image_gen_extended as T
# Useful for checking the output of the generators after code change
#from importlib import reload
#reload(T)Saya perlu memiliki pipa augmentasi gambar yang lebih kuat daripada yang dikirimkan dengan keras. Untungnya, saya dapat menemukan versi yang dimodifikasi ini untuk digunakan sebagai basis saya.
Penulis telah menambahkan pipa yang dapat diperluas, yang memungkinkan untuk menentukan modifikasi tambahan seperti fungsi penanaman kustom dan dapat menggunakan preprocessor gambar awal. Mampu menerapkan preprocessing secara dinamis diperlukan, karena saya tidak memiliki cukup memori untuk menjaga semua pelatihan ditetapkan sebagai float32s . Saya dapat memuat seluruh set pelatihan sebagai uint8s .
Selain itu, saya tidak sepenuhnya menggunakan GPU saya atau CPU multicore saya. Secara default, Python hanya dapat menggunakan inti tunggal, sehingga membatasi jumlah gambar yang diproses/augmented yang dapat saya kirim ke GPU untuk pelatihan. Berdasarkan beberapa pemantauan kinerja, saya hanya menggunakan persentase kecil dari GPU rata -rata. Dengan menggabungkan multiprocessing Pool python, saya bisa mendapatkan sekitar 50% pemanfaatan CPU dan pemanfaatan GPU 90%.
Hasil akhirnya adalah bahwa setiap zaman pelatihan berubah dari 45 menit menjadi 22 menit! Anda dapat menjalankan grafik GPU sendiri saat berlatih di buku catatan ini. Inspirasi untuk mencoba meningkatkan augmentasi data dan kinerja GPU berasal dari Jimmie Goode: Buffered Python Generators untuk augmentasi data
Saat ini, kodenya cukup buggy dan membutuhkan restart kernel python setiap kali pelatihan terputus secara manual. Kode ini cukup diretas dan fitur -fitur tertentu, seperti yang melibatkan pemasangan, dinonaktifkan. Saya berharap dapat meningkatkan ImagedAtagenerator ini dan melepaskannya ke komunitas di masa depan.
display ( Image ( './gpu.png' ))
% % time
# this is the augmentation configuration we will use for training
train_datagen = T . ImageDataGenerator (
featurewise_center = False , # set input mean to 0 over the dataset
samplewise_center = False , # set each sample mean to 0
featurewise_std_normalization = False , # divide inputs by std of the dataset
samplewise_std_normalization = False , # divide each input by its std
zca_whitening = False , # apply ZCA whitening
rotation_range = 0 , # randomly rotate images in the range (degrees, 0 to 180)
width_shift_range = 0.2 , # randomly shift images horizontally (fraction of total width)
height_shift_range = 0.2 , # randomly shift images vertically (fraction of total height)
horizontal_flip = True , # randomly flip images
vertical_flip = False , # randomly flip images
zoom_range = [ .8 , 1 ],
channel_shift_range = 30 ,
fill_mode = 'reflect' )
train_datagen . config [ 'random_crop_size' ] = ( 299 , 299 )
train_datagen . set_pipeline ([ T . random_transform , T . random_crop , T . preprocess_input ])
train_generator = train_datagen . flow ( X_train , y_train_cat , batch_size = 64 , seed = 11 , pool = pool ) test_datagen = T . ImageDataGenerator ()
test_datagen . config [ 'random_crop_size' ] = ( 299 , 299 )
test_datagen . set_pipeline ([ T . random_transform , T . random_crop , T . preprocess_input ])
test_generator = test_datagen . flow ( X_test , y_test_cat , batch_size = 64 , seed = 11 , pool = pool )Kita dapat melihat jenis gambar apa yang keluar dari imagedatagenerator ini:
def reverse_preprocess_input ( x0 ):
x = x0 / 2.0
x += 0.5
x *= 255.
return x % % time
@ interact ()
def show_images ( unprocess = True ):
for x in test_generator :
fig , axes = plt . subplots ( nrows = 8 , ncols = 4 )
fig . set_size_inches ( 8 , 8 )
page = 0
page_size = 32
start_i = page * page_size
for i , ax in enumerate ( axes . flat ):
img = x [ 0 ][ i + start_i ]
if unprocess :
im = ax . imshow ( reverse_preprocess_input ( img ). astype ( 'uint8' ) )
else :
im = ax . imshow ( img )
ax . set_axis_off ()
ax . title . set_visible ( False )
ax . xaxis . set_ticks ([])
ax . yaxis . set_ticks ([])
for spine in ax . spines . values ():
spine . set_visible ( False )
plt . subplots_adjust ( left = 0 , wspace = 0 , hspace = 0 )
plt . show ()
break 
CPU times: user 1.54 s, sys: 524 ms, total: 2.06 s
Wall time: 2.24 s
% % time
show_images ( unprocess = False )
CPU times: user 1.58 s, sys: 300 ms, total: 1.88 s
Wall time: 2.11 s
Kami akan melatih kembali model Google InceptionV3, pretrain di Imagenet. Arsitektur jaringan saraf ditunjukkan di bawah ini.
% % time
from keras . models import Sequential , Model
from keras . layers import Dense , Dropout , Activation , Flatten
from keras . layers import Convolution2D , MaxPooling2D , ZeroPadding2D , GlobalAveragePooling2D , AveragePooling2D
from keras . layers . normalization import BatchNormalization
from keras . preprocessing . image import ImageDataGenerator
from keras . callbacks import ModelCheckpoint , CSVLogger , LearningRateScheduler , ReduceLROnPlateau
from keras . optimizers import SGD
from keras . regularizers import l2
import keras . backend as K
import math
K . clear_session ()
base_model = InceptionV3 ( weights = 'imagenet' , include_top = False , input_tensor = Input ( shape = ( 299 , 299 , 3 )))
x = base_model . output
x = AveragePooling2D ( pool_size = ( 8 , 8 ))( x )
x = Dropout ( .4 )( x )
x = Flatten ()( x )
predictions = Dense ( n_classes , init = 'glorot_uniform' , W_regularizer = l2 ( .0005 ), activation = 'softmax' )( x )
model = Model ( input = base_model . input , output = predictions )
opt = SGD ( lr = .01 , momentum = .9 )
model . compile ( optimizer = opt , loss = 'categorical_crossentropy' , metrics = [ 'accuracy' ])
checkpointer = ModelCheckpoint ( filepath = 'model4.{epoch:02d}-{val_loss:.2f}.hdf5' , verbose = 1 , save_best_only = True )
csv_logger = CSVLogger ( 'model4.log' )
def schedule ( epoch ):
if epoch < 15 :
return .01
elif epoch < 28 :
return .002
else :
return .0004
lr_scheduler = LearningRateScheduler ( schedule )
model . fit_generator ( train_generator ,
validation_data = test_generator ,
nb_val_samples = X_test . shape [ 0 ],
samples_per_epoch = X_train . shape [ 0 ],
nb_epoch = 32 ,
verbose = 2 ,
callbacks = [ lr_scheduler , csv_logger , checkpointer ]) Epoch 1/32
Epoch 00000: val_loss improved from inf to 3.37355, saving model to model4.00-3.37.hdf5
1342s - loss: 4.2541 - acc: 0.0810 - val_loss: 3.3736 - val_acc: 0.2010
Epoch 2/32
Epoch 00001: val_loss improved from 3.37355 to 2.36625, saving model to model4.01-2.37.hdf5
1329s - loss: 2.9745 - acc: 0.3075 - val_loss: 2.3662 - val_acc: 0.4071
Epoch 3/32
Epoch 00002: val_loss improved from 2.36625 to 1.79355, saving model to model4.02-1.79.hdf5
1329s - loss: 2.3080 - acc: 0.4539 - val_loss: 1.7935 - val_acc: 0.5338
Epoch 4/32
Epoch 00003: val_loss improved from 1.79355 to 1.48898, saving model to model4.03-1.49.hdf5
1356s - loss: 2.0102 - acc: 0.5216 - val_loss: 1.4890 - val_acc: 0.6068
Epoch 5/32
Epoch 00004: val_loss improved from 1.48898 to 1.34121, saving model to model4.04-1.34.hdf5
1330s - loss: 1.8436 - acc: 0.5577 - val_loss: 1.3412 - val_acc: 0.6431
Epoch 6/32
Epoch 00005: val_loss improved from 1.34121 to 1.22485, saving model to model4.05-1.22.hdf5
1329s - loss: 1.7057 - acc: 0.5909 - val_loss: 1.2248 - val_acc: 0.6740
Epoch 7/32
Epoch 00006: val_loss did not improve
1328s - loss: 1.5996 - acc: 0.6126 - val_loss: 1.2310 - val_acc: 0.6716
Epoch 8/32
Epoch 00007: val_loss improved from 1.22485 to 1.11248, saving model to model4.07-1.11.hdf5
1331s - loss: 1.5148 - acc: 0.6314 - val_loss: 1.1125 - val_acc: 0.7022
Epoch 9/32
Epoch 00008: val_loss improved from 1.11248 to 1.07145, saving model to model4.08-1.07.hdf5
1331s - loss: 1.4395 - acc: 0.6506 - val_loss: 1.0714 - val_acc: 0.7095
Epoch 10/32
Epoch 00009: val_loss improved from 1.07145 to 1.05129, saving model to model4.09-1.05.hdf5
1333s - loss: 1.3900 - acc: 0.6637 - val_loss: 1.0513 - val_acc: 0.7181
Epoch 11/32
Epoch 00010: val_loss improved from 1.05129 to 1.03356, saving model to model4.10-1.03.hdf5
1331s - loss: 1.3316 - acc: 0.6780 - val_loss: 1.0336 - val_acc: 0.7250
Epoch 12/32
Epoch 00011: val_loss improved from 1.03356 to 1.00622, saving model to model4.11-1.01.hdf5
1331s - loss: 1.2850 - acc: 0.6893 - val_loss: 1.0062 - val_acc: 0.7275
Epoch 13/32
Epoch 00012: val_loss improved from 1.00622 to 0.94016, saving model to model4.12-0.94.hdf5
1330s - loss: 1.2325 - acc: 0.7003 - val_loss: 0.9402 - val_acc: 0.7461
Epoch 14/32
Epoch 00013: val_loss did not improve
1330s - loss: 1.1970 - acc: 0.7086 - val_loss: 0.9461 - val_acc: 0.7453
Epoch 15/32
Epoch 00014: val_loss did not improve
1329s - loss: 1.1683 - acc: 0.7154 - val_loss: 0.9691 - val_acc: 0.7396
Epoch 16/32
Epoch 00015: val_loss improved from 0.94016 to 0.71776, saving model to model4.15-0.72.hdf5
1329s - loss: 0.9398 - acc: 0.7724 - val_loss: 0.7178 - val_acc: 0.8055
Epoch 17/32
Epoch 00016: val_loss improved from 0.71776 to 0.70245, saving model to model4.16-0.70.hdf5
1329s - loss: 0.8591 - acc: 0.7916 - val_loss: 0.7025 - val_acc: 0.8069
Epoch 18/32
Epoch 00017: val_loss did not improve
1327s - loss: 0.8238 - acc: 0.8023 - val_loss: 0.7093 - val_acc: 0.8053
Epoch 19/32
Epoch 00018: val_loss did not improve
1327s - loss: 0.7947 - acc: 0.8093 - val_loss: 0.7048 - val_acc: 0.8059
Epoch 20/32
Epoch 00019: val_loss did not improve
1327s - loss: 0.7713 - acc: 0.8143 - val_loss: 0.7097 - val_acc: 0.8061
Epoch 21/32
Epoch 00020: val_loss improved from 0.70245 to 0.69545, saving model to model4.20-0.70.hdf5
1329s - loss: 0.7458 - acc: 0.8195 - val_loss: 0.6955 - val_acc: 0.8104
Epoch 22/32
Epoch 00021: val_loss did not improve
1328s - loss: 0.7282 - acc: 0.8232 - val_loss: 0.6977 - val_acc: 0.8119
Epoch 23/32
Epoch 00022: val_loss improved from 0.69545 to 0.69190, saving model to model4.22-0.69.hdf5
1328s - loss: 0.7114 - acc: 0.8284 - val_loss: 0.6919 - val_acc: 0.8150
Epoch 24/32
Epoch 00023: val_loss did not improve
1325s - loss: 0.6983 - acc: 0.8311 - val_loss: 0.7002 - val_acc: 0.8116
Epoch 25/32
Epoch 00024: val_loss did not improve
1330s - loss: 0.6719 - acc: 0.8381 - val_loss: 0.7031 - val_acc: 0.8112
Epoch 26/32
Epoch 00025: val_loss did not improve
1382s - loss: 0.6607 - acc: 0.8407 - val_loss: 0.7115 - val_acc: 0.8083
Epoch 27/32
Epoch 00026: val_loss did not improve
1330s - loss: 0.6479 - acc: 0.8439 - val_loss: 0.7037 - val_acc: 0.8126
Epoch 28/32
Epoch 00027: val_loss did not improve
1328s - loss: 0.6292 - acc: 0.8478 - val_loss: 0.7122 - val_acc: 0.8086
Epoch 29/32
Epoch 00028: val_loss improved from 0.69190 to 0.68908, saving model to model4.28-0.69.hdf5
1330s - loss: 0.5983 - acc: 0.8580 - val_loss: 0.6891 - val_acc: 0.8165
Epoch 30/32
Epoch 00029: val_loss improved from 0.68908 to 0.68740, saving model to model4.29-0.69.hdf5
1330s - loss: 0.5817 - acc: 0.8612 - val_loss: 0.6874 - val_acc: 0.8149
Epoch 31/32
Epoch 00030: val_loss did not improve
1328s - loss: 0.5729 - acc: 0.8642 - val_loss: 0.6912 - val_acc: 0.8143
Epoch 32/32
Epoch 00031: val_loss did not improve
1329s - loss: 0.5638 - acc: 0.8663 - val_loss: 0.6895 - val_acc: 0.8159
CPU times: user 8h 49min 20s, sys: 1h 55min 54s, total: 10h 45min 14s
Wall time: 11h 51min 18s
Pada titik ini, kita melihat hingga 81,65 akurasi Top-1 crop tunggal pada set tes. Kami dapat terus melatih model pada tingkat pembelajaran yang lebih lambat untuk melihat apakah itu meningkat lebih banyak.
Eksperimen awal saya menggunakan pengoptimal yang lebih modern seperti Adam dan Adadelta, bersama dengan tingkat belajar yang lebih tinggi. Saya terjebak untuk akurasi di bawah 80% sebelum saya memutuskan untuk mengikuti literatur lebih dekat dan menggunakan stochastic gradient descent (SGD) dengan jadwal belajar yang cepat berkurang. Ketika kita mencari melalui permukaan multidimensi, kadang -kadang lebih lambat berjalan jauh.
Karena beberapa ketidakstabilan dengan kode multiprosessing saya, kadang -kadang saya perlu memulai kembali notebook, memuat model terbaru, kemudian melanjutkan pelatihan.
% % time
from keras . models import Sequential , Model , load_model
from keras . layers import Dense , Dropout , Activation , Flatten
from keras . layers import Convolution2D , MaxPooling2D , ZeroPadding2D , GlobalAveragePooling2D , AveragePooling2D
from keras . layers . normalization import BatchNormalization
from keras . preprocessing . image import ImageDataGenerator
from keras . callbacks import ModelCheckpoint , CSVLogger , LearningRateScheduler , ReduceLROnPlateau
from keras . optimizers import SGD
from keras . regularizers import l2
import keras . backend as K
import math
model = load_model ( filepath = './model4.29-0.69.hdf5' )
opt = SGD ( lr = .01 , momentum = .9 )
model . compile ( optimizer = opt , loss = 'categorical_crossentropy' , metrics = [ 'accuracy' ])
checkpointer = ModelCheckpoint ( filepath = 'model4b.{epoch:02d}-{val_loss:.2f}.hdf5' , verbose = 1 , save_best_only = True )
csv_logger = CSVLogger ( 'model4b.log' )
def schedule ( epoch ):
if epoch < 10 :
return .00008
elif epoch < 20 :
return .000016
else :
return .0000032
lr_scheduler = LearningRateScheduler ( schedule )
model . fit_generator ( train_generator ,
validation_data = test_generator ,
nb_val_samples = X_test . shape [ 0 ],
samples_per_epoch = X_train . shape [ 0 ],
nb_epoch = 32 ,
verbose = 2 ,
callbacks = [ lr_scheduler , csv_logger , checkpointer ]) Pada titik ini, kita harus memiliki beberapa model terlatih yang disimpan ke disk. Kita dapat melewatinya dan menggunakan fungsi load_model untuk memuat model dengan kehilangan / akurasi tertinggi terendah.
% % time
#model = load_model(filepath='./model4.29-0.69.hdf5') # 86.8039 10-crop Top-1 test accuracy
model = load_model ( filepath = './model4b.10-0.68.hdf5' ) # 86.9703 CPU times: user 36.4 s, sys: 1.11 s, total: 37.5 s
Wall time: 36.5 s
Kami juga ingin mengevaluasi set tes menggunakan beberapa tanaman. Ini dapat menghasilkan peningkatan akurasi 5% dibandingkan dengan evaluasi tanaman tunggal. Adalah umum untuk menggunakan tanaman berikut: kiri atas, kanan atas, kiri bawah, kanan bawah, tengah. Kami juga mengambil tanaman yang sama pada gambar terbalik dari kiri ke kanan, menciptakan total 10 tanaman.
Selain itu, kami ingin mengembalikan prediksi-N untuk setiap tanaman untuk menghitung akurasi top-5, misalnya.
def center_crop ( x , center_crop_size , ** kwargs ):
centerw , centerh = x . shape [ 0 ] // 2 , x . shape [ 1 ] // 2
halfw , halfh = center_crop_size [ 0 ] // 2 , center_crop_size [ 1 ] // 2
return x [ centerw - halfw : centerw + halfw + 1 , centerh - halfh : centerh + halfh + 1 , :] def predict_10_crop ( img , ix , top_n = 5 , plot = False , preprocess = True , debug = False ):
flipped_X = np . fliplr ( img )
crops = [
img [: 299 ,: 299 , :], # Upper Left
img [: 299 , img . shape [ 1 ] - 299 :, :], # Upper Right
img [ img . shape [ 0 ] - 299 :, : 299 , :], # Lower Left
img [ img . shape [ 0 ] - 299 :, img . shape [ 1 ] - 299 :, :], # Lower Right
center_crop ( img , ( 299 , 299 )),
flipped_X [: 299 ,: 299 , :],
flipped_X [: 299 , flipped_X . shape [ 1 ] - 299 :, :],
flipped_X [ flipped_X . shape [ 0 ] - 299 :, : 299 , :],
flipped_X [ flipped_X . shape [ 0 ] - 299 :, flipped_X . shape [ 1 ] - 299 :, :],
center_crop ( flipped_X , ( 299 , 299 ))
]
if preprocess :
crops = [ preprocess_input ( x . astype ( 'float32' )) for x in crops ]
if plot :
fig , ax = plt . subplots ( 2 , 5 , figsize = ( 10 , 4 ))
ax [ 0 ][ 0 ]. imshow ( crops [ 0 ])
ax [ 0 ][ 1 ]. imshow ( crops [ 1 ])
ax [ 0 ][ 2 ]. imshow ( crops [ 2 ])
ax [ 0 ][ 3 ]. imshow ( crops [ 3 ])
ax [ 0 ][ 4 ]. imshow ( crops [ 4 ])
ax [ 1 ][ 0 ]. imshow ( crops [ 5 ])
ax [ 1 ][ 1 ]. imshow ( crops [ 6 ])
ax [ 1 ][ 2 ]. imshow ( crops [ 7 ])
ax [ 1 ][ 3 ]. imshow ( crops [ 8 ])
ax [ 1 ][ 4 ]. imshow ( crops [ 9 ])
y_pred = model . predict ( np . array ( crops ))
preds = np . argmax ( y_pred , axis = 1 )
top_n_preds = np . argpartition ( y_pred , - top_n )[:, - top_n :]
if debug :
print ( 'Top-1 Predicted:' , preds )
print ( 'Top-5 Predicted:' , top_n_preds )
print ( 'True Label:' , y_test [ ix ])
return preds , top_n_preds
ix = 13001
predict_10_crop ( X_test [ ix ], ix , top_n = 5 , plot = True , preprocess = False , debug = True ) Top-1 Predicted: [74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74]
Top-5 Predicted: [[33 97 37 39 74]
[28 52 37 39 74]
[73 39 52 37 74]
[35 33 37 39 74]
[35 33 37 39 74]
[35 33 37 39 74]
[35 33 37 39 74]
[97 37 73 39 74]
[73 52 37 39 74]
[34 35 33 39 74]]
True Label: 88
(array([74, 74, 74, 74, 74, 74, 74, 74, 74, 74]), array([[33, 97, 37, 39, 74],
[28, 52, 37, 39, 74],
[73, 39, 52, 37, 74],
[35, 33, 37, 39, 74],
[35, 33, 37, 39, 74],
[35, 33, 37, 39, 74],
[35, 33, 37, 39, 74],
[97, 37, 73, 39, 74],
[73, 52, 37, 39, 74],
[34, 35, 33, 39, 74]]))
Kita juga perlu melakukan preprocess gambar untuk model awal:
ix = 13001
predict_10_crop ( X_test [ ix ], ix , top_n = 5 , plot = True , preprocess = True , debug = True ) Top-1 Predicted: [51 51 88 88 88 51 51 88 88 88]
Top-5 Predicted: [[18 79 51 13 48]
[48 79 11 55 51]
[79 93 81 37 88]
[51 86 93 81 88]
[11 79 51 81 88]
[19 79 51 56 13]
[11 88 48 51 13]
[37 93 86 88 81]
[37 79 93 88 81]
[84 81 11 79 88]]
True Label: 88
(array([51, 51, 88, 88, 88, 51, 51, 88, 88, 88]), array([[18, 79, 51, 13, 48],
[48, 79, 11, 55, 51],
[79, 93, 81, 37, 88],
[51, 86, 93, 81, 88],
[11, 79, 51, 81, 88],
[19, 79, 51, 56, 13],
[11, 88, 48, 51, 13],
[37, 93, 86, 88, 81],
[37, 79, 93, 88, 81],
[84, 81, 11, 79, 88]]))
Sekarang kami membuat tanaman untuk setiap item dalam set tes dan mendapatkan prediksi. Ini adalah proses yang lambat saat ini karena saya tidak memanfaatkan multiprosesing atau jenis paralelisme lainnya.
% % time
preds_10_crop = {}
for ix in range ( len ( X_test )):
if ix % 1000 == 0 :
print ( ix )
preds_10_crop [ ix ] = predict_10_crop ( X_test [ ix ], ix ) 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
16000
17000
18000
19000
20000
21000
22000
23000
24000
25000
CPU times: user 50min 3s, sys: 5min 13s, total: 55min 16s
Wall time: 31min 28s
Kami sekarang memiliki satu set 10 prediksi untuk setiap gambar. Menggunakan histogram, saya dapat melihat bagaimana # prediksi unik untuk setiap gambar didistribusikan.
preds_uniq = { k : np . unique ( v [ 0 ]) for k , v in preds_10_crop . items ()}
preds_hist = np . array ([ len ( x ) for x in preds_uniq . values ()])
plt . hist ( preds_hist , bins = 11 )
plt . title ( 'Number of unique predictions per image' ) <matplotlib.text.Text at 0x7fe30c3daa20>
Mari kita buat kamus untuk memetakan indeks item tes ke prediksi top-1 / top-5.
preds_top_1 = { k : collections . Counter ( v [ 0 ]). most_common ( 1 ) for k , v in preds_10_crop . items ()}
top_5_per_ix = { k : collections . Counter ( preds_10_crop [ k ][ 1 ]. reshape ( - 1 )). most_common ( 5 )
for k , v in preds_10_crop . items ()}
preds_top_5 = { k : [ y [ 0 ] for y in v ] for k , v in top_5_per_ix . items ()} % % time
right_counter = 0
for i in range ( len ( y_test )):
guess , actual = preds_top_1 [ i ][ 0 ][ 0 ], y_test [ i ]
if guess == actual :
right_counter += 1
print ( 'Top-1 Accuracy, 10-Crop: {0:.2f}%' . format ( right_counter / len ( y_test ) * 100 )) Top-1 Accuracy, 10-Crop: 86.97%
CPU times: user 28 ms, sys: 0 ns, total: 28 ms
Wall time: 27.3 ms
% % time
top_5_counter = 0
for i in range ( len ( y_test )):
guesses , actual = preds_top_5 [ i ], y_test [ i ]
if actual in guesses :
top_5_counter += 1
print ( 'Top-5 Accuracy, 10-Crop: {0:.2f}%' . format ( top_5_counter / len ( y_test ) * 100 )) Top-5 Accuracy, 10-Crop: 97.42%
CPU times: user 28 ms, sys: 0 ns, total: 28 ms
Wall time: 27 ms
y_pred = [ x [ 0 ][ 0 ] for x in preds_top_1 . values ()] @ interact ( page = [ 0 , int ( len ( X_test ) / 20 )])
def show_images_prediction ( page = 0 ):
page_size = 20
nrows = 4
ncols = 5
fig , axes = plt . subplots ( nrows = nrows , ncols = ncols , figsize = ( 12 , 12 ))
fig . set_size_inches ( 12 , 8 )
#fig.tight_layout()
#imgs = np.random.choice((y_all == n_class).nonzero()[0], nrows * ncols)
start_i = page * page_size
for i , ax in enumerate ( axes . flat ):
im = ax . imshow ( X_test [ i + start_i ])
ax . set_axis_off ()
ax . title . set_visible ( False )
ax . xaxis . set_ticks ([])
ax . yaxis . set_ticks ([])
for spine in ax . spines . values ():
spine . set_visible ( False )
predicted = ix_to_class [ y_pred [ i + start_i ]]
match = predicted == ix_to_class [ y_test [ start_i + i ]]
ec = ( 1 , .5 , .5 )
fc = ( 1 , .8 , .8 )
if match :
ec = ( 0 , .6 , .1 )
fc = ( 0 , .7 , .2 )
# predicted label
ax . text ( 0 , 400 , 'P: ' + predicted , size = 10 , rotation = 0 ,
ha = "left" , va = "top" ,
bbox = dict ( boxstyle = "round" ,
ec = ec ,
fc = fc ,
)
)
if not match :
# true label
ax . text ( 0 , 480 , 'A: ' + ix_to_class [ y_test [ start_i + i ]], size = 10 , rotation = 0 ,
ha = "left" , va = "top" ,
bbox = dict ( boxstyle = "round" ,
ec = ec ,
fc = fc ,
)
)
plt . subplots_adjust ( left = 0 , wspace = 1 , hspace = 0 )
plt . show ()
Matriks kebingungan akan memplot setiap label kelas dan berapa kali diberi label dengan benar vs kali lain itu secara tidak benar diberi label sebagai kelas yang berbeda.
% % time
from sklearn . metrics import confusion_matrix
import itertools
def plot_confusion_matrix ( cm , classes ,
normalize = False ,
title = 'Confusion matrix' ,
cmap = plt . cm . Blues ):
"""
This function prints and plots the confusion matrix.
Normalization can be applied by setting `normalize=True`.
"""
plt . imshow ( cm , interpolation = 'nearest' , cmap = cmap )
plt . title ( title )
plt . colorbar ()
tick_marks = np . arange ( len ( classes ))
plt . xticks ( tick_marks , classes , rotation = 90 )
plt . yticks ( tick_marks , classes )
if normalize :
cm = cm . astype ( 'float' ) / cm . sum ( axis = 1 )[:, np . newaxis ]
print ( "Normalized confusion matrix" )
else :
print ( 'Confusion matrix, without normalization' )
print ( cm )
thresh = cm . max () / 2.
for i , j in itertools . product ( range ( cm . shape [ 0 ]), range ( cm . shape [ 1 ])):
plt . text ( j , i , cm [ i , j ],
horizontalalignment = "center" ,
color = "white" if cm [ i , j ] > thresh else "black" )
plt . tight_layout ()
plt . ylabel ( 'True label' )
plt . xlabel ( 'Predicted label' )
# Compute confusion matrix
cnf_matrix = confusion_matrix ( y_test , y_pred )
np . set_printoptions ( precision = 2 )
class_names = [ ix_to_class [ i ] for i in range ( 101 )]
plt . figure ()
fig = plt . gcf ()
fig . set_size_inches ( 32 , 32 )
plot_confusion_matrix ( cnf_matrix , classes = class_names ,
title = 'Confusion matrix, without normalization' ,
cmap = plt . cm . cool )
plt . show () Confusion matrix, without normalization
[[179 0 4 ..., 2 0 5]
[ 0 218 0 ..., 0 0 0]
[ 4 0 228 ..., 1 0 0]
...,
[ 0 0 0 ..., 212 0 1]
[ 0 0 0 ..., 0 208 0]
[ 0 0 0 ..., 0 0 224]]
CPU times: user 16.4 s, sys: 1.22 s, total: 17.6 s
Wall time: 16.4 s
Kami ingin melihat apakah keakuratannya konsisten di semua kelas, atau jika beberapa kelas jauh lebih mudah / lebih sulit untuk diberi label daripada yang lain. Menurut plot kami, beberapa kelas adalah outlier dalam hal menjadi jauh lebih sulit untuk diberi label dengan benar.
corrects = collections . defaultdict ( int )
incorrects = collections . defaultdict ( int )
for ( pred , actual ) in zip ( y_pred , y_test ):
if pred == actual :
corrects [ actual ] += 1
else :
incorrects [ actual ] += 1
class_accuracies = {}
for ix in range ( 101 ):
class_accuracies [ ix ] = corrects [ ix ] / 250
plt . hist ( list ( class_accuracies . values ()), bins = 20 )
plt . title ( 'Accuracy by Class histogram' ) <matplotlib.text.Text at 0x7fe2d5d4f860>
sorted_class_accuracies = sorted ( class_accuracies . items (), key = lambda x : - x [ 1 ])
[( ix_to_class [ c [ 0 ]], c [ 1 ]) for c in sorted_class_accuracies ] [('edamame', 0.996),
('hot_and_sour_soup', 0.964),
('oysters', 0.964),
('seaweed_salad', 0.96),
('macarons', 0.956),
('pad_thai', 0.956),
('spaghetti_bolognese', 0.956),
('french_fries', 0.952),
('frozen_yogurt', 0.952),
('takoyaki', 0.952),
('spaghetti_carbonara', 0.948),
('clam_chowder', 0.944),
('deviled_eggs', 0.944),
('churros', 0.94),
('miso_soup', 0.94),
('creme_brulee', 0.936),
('pho', 0.936),
('cannoli', 0.932),
('guacamole', 0.932),
('mussels', 0.932),
('sashimi', 0.932),
('caesar_salad', 0.928),
('lobster_roll_sandwich', 0.928),
('bibimbap', 0.924),
('cup_cakes', 0.924),
('dumplings', 0.924),
('ramen', 0.924),
('beef_carpaccio', 0.92),
('eggs_benedict', 0.92),
('pancakes', 0.92),
('red_velvet_cake', 0.92),
('beignets', 0.916),
('club_sandwich', 0.916),
('escargots', 0.916),
('french_onion_soup', 0.916),
('onion_rings', 0.916),
('baklava', 0.912),
('croque_madame', 0.912),
('fish_and_chips', 0.908),
('poutine', 0.908),
('cheese_plate', 0.904),
('chicken_wings', 0.904),
('fried_rice', 0.904),
('sushi', 0.904),
('fried_calamari', 0.9),
('pulled_pork_sandwich', 0.896),
('waffles', 0.896),
('crab_cakes', 0.892),
('gyoza', 0.892),
('paella', 0.892),
('caprese_salad', 0.888),
('lobster_bisque', 0.888),
('peking_duck', 0.888),
('pizza', 0.888),
('greek_salad', 0.88),
('hot_dog', 0.88),
('samosa', 0.88),
('donuts', 0.876),
('spring_rolls', 0.876),
('baby_back_ribs', 0.872),
('strawberry_shortcake', 0.872),
('shrimp_and_grits', 0.868),
('tacos', 0.86),
('beef_tartare', 0.856),
('prime_rib', 0.856),
('chicken_quesadilla', 0.852),
('hummus', 0.852),
('grilled_salmon', 0.848),
('tiramisu', 0.848),
('macaroni_and_cheese', 0.844),
('carrot_cake', 0.836),
('nachos', 0.836),
('falafel', 0.832),
('tuna_tartare', 0.832),
('panna_cotta', 0.828),
('bruschetta', 0.824),
('grilled_cheese_sandwich', 0.824),
('risotto', 0.812),
('french_toast', 0.808),
('gnocchi', 0.808),
('garlic_bread', 0.804),
('breakfast_burrito', 0.8),
('beet_salad', 0.796),
('hamburger', 0.796),
('cheesecake', 0.792),
('lasagna', 0.792),
('ceviche', 0.784),
('chicken_curry', 0.784),
('omelette', 0.784),
('scallops', 0.784),
('chocolate_cake', 0.78),
('huevos_rancheros', 0.78),
('ravioli', 0.776),
('ice_cream', 0.764),
('bread_pudding', 0.748),
('foie_gras', 0.72),
('apple_pie', 0.716),
('filet_mignon', 0.716),
('chocolate_mousse', 0.7),
('pork_chop', 0.676),
('steak', 0.576)]
Memprediksi dari file lokal
pic_path = '/home/stratospark/Downloads/soup.jpg'
pic = img . imread ( pic_path )
preds = predict_10_crop ( np . array ( pic ), 0 )[ 0 ]
best_pred = collections . Counter ( preds ). most_common ( 1 )[ 0 ][ 0 ]
print ( ix_to_class [ best_pred ])
plt . imshow ( pic ) french_onion_soup
<matplotlib.image.AxesImage at 0x7fe2d59eb5c0>
Memprediksi dari gambar di internet
import urllib . request
@ interact
def predict_remote_image ( url = 'http://themodelhouse.tv/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/hummus.jpg' ):
with urllib . request . urlopen ( url ) as f :
pic = plt . imread ( f , format = 'jpg' )
preds = predict_10_crop ( np . array ( pic ), 0 )[ 0 ]
best_pred = collections . Counter ( preds ). most_common ( 1 )[ 0 ][ 0 ]
print ( ix_to_class [ best_pred ])
plt . imshow ( pic ) hummus
with open ( 'model.json' , 'w' ) as f :
f . write ( model . to_json ()) import json
json . dumps ( ix_to_class ) '{"0": "apple_pie", "1": "baby_back_ribs", "2": "baklava", "3": "beef_carpaccio", "4": "beef_tartare", "5": "beet_salad", "6": "beignets", "7": "bibimbap", "8": "bread_pudding", "9": "breakfast_burrito", "10": "bruschetta", "11": "caesar_salad", "12": "cannoli", "13": "caprese_salad", "14": "carrot_cake", "15": "ceviche", "16": "cheesecake", "17": "cheese_plate", "18": "chicken_curry", "19": "chicken_quesadilla", "20": "chicken_wings", "21": "chocolate_cake", "22": "chocolate_mousse", "23": "churros", "24": "clam_chowder", "25": "club_sandwich", "26": "crab_cakes", "27": "creme_brulee", "28": "croque_madame", "29": "cup_cakes", "30": "deviled_eggs", "31": "donuts", "32": "dumplings", "33": "edamame", "34": "eggs_benedict", "35": "escargots", "36": "falafel", "37": "filet_mignon", "38": "fish_and_chips", "39": "foie_gras", "40": "french_fries", "41": "french_onion_soup", "42": "french_toast", "43": "fried_calamari", "44": "fried_rice", "45": "frozen_yogurt", "46": "garlic_bread", "47": "gnocchi", "48": "greek_salad", "49": "grilled_cheese_sandwich", "50": "grilled_salmon", "51": "guacamole", "52": "gyoza", "53": "hamburger", "54": "hot_and_sour_soup", "55": "hot_dog", "56": "huevos_rancheros", "57": "hummus", "58": "ice_cream", "59": "lasagna", "60": "lobster_bisque", "61": "lobster_roll_sandwich", "62": "macaroni_and_cheese", "63": "macarons", "64": "miso_soup", "65": "mussels", "66": "nachos", "67": "omelette", "68": "onion_rings", "69": "oysters", "70": "pad_thai", "71": "paella", "72": "pancakes", "73": "panna_cotta", "74": "peking_duck", "75": "pho", "76": "pizza", "77": "pork_chop", "78": "poutine", "79": "prime_rib", "80": "pulled_pork_sandwich", "81": "ramen", "82": "ravioli", "83": "red_velvet_cake", "84": "risotto", "85": "samosa", "86": "sashimi", "87": "scallops", "88": "seaweed_salad", "89": "shrimp_and_grits", "90": "spaghetti_bolognese", "91": "spaghetti_carbonara", "92": "spring_rolls", "93": "steak", "94": "strawberry_shortcake", "95": "sushi", "96": "tacos", "97": "takoyaki", "98": "tiramisu", "99": "tuna_tartare", "100": "waffles"}'
