Java开发环境配置教程：从零开始搭建高效编程环境-源码网

第一章第三节：Java开发环境配置

引言

在前两节中，我们深入了解了MCP协议的核心概念以及Cursor IDE与MCP的深度集成。现在，让我们将注意力转向实际的环境配置。一个完善的Java开发环境是充分发挥MCP和Cursor IDE强大功能的基础。本节将详细介绍如何从零开始配置一个现代化的Java开发环境，为后续的实战开发奠定坚实基础。

开发环境架构概览

整体架构设计

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    Java开发环境架构                          │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Application Layer (应用层)                                 │
│  ├── Cursor IDE (代码编辑器)                                │
│  ├── MCP Client (MCP客户端)                                │
│  └── Browser (浏览器)                                       │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Development Tools Layer (开发工具层)                       │
│  ├── JDK (Java开发工具包)                                   │
│  ├── Maven/Gradle (构建工具)                                │
│  ├── Git (版本控制)                                         │
│  └── Docker (容器化)                                        │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Runtime Environment Layer (运行时环境层)                   │
│  ├── JVM (Java虚拟机)                                       │
│  ├── Spring Boot (应用框架)                                 │
│  ├── Nacos (服务注册中心)                                   │
│  └── MySQL/Redis (数据存储)                                 │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  System Layer (系统层)                                      │
│  ├── Windows/macOS/Linux (操作系统)                         │
│  ├── Network (网络环境)                                     │
│  └── Hardware (硬件资源)                                    │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

环境配置原则

1. 版本兼容性

JDK版本：推荐使用JDK 17或21（LTS版本）
Maven版本：3.8.0以上
Gradle版本：7.0以上
Spring Boot版本：3.x系列

2. 工具链统一

使用统一的构建工具（Maven或Gradle）
统一的代码格式化工具
统一的静态代码分析工具
统一的测试框架

3. 环境隔离

开发环境、测试环境、生产环境分离
使用Docker进行环境隔离
配置文件外部化管理

JDK安装与配置

1. JDK版本选择

版本对比分析

版本	发布时间	主要特性	推荐场景
JDK 8	2014年	Lambda表达式、Stream API	传统企业项目
JDK 11	2018年	模块系统、HTTP Client	现代企业应用
JDK 17	2021年	密封类、模式匹配	新项目首选
JDK 21	2023年	虚拟线程、字符串模板	前沿技术探索

2. 多版本JDK管理

使用SDKMAN管理JDK版本

# 安装SDKMAN
curl -s "https://get.sdkman.io" | bash
source "$HOME/.sdkman/bin/sdkman-init.sh"

# 查看可用的JDK版本
sdk list java

# 安装JDK 17
sdk install java 17.0.9-tem

# 安装JDK 21
sdk install java 21.0.1-tem

# 切换JDK版本
sdk use java 17.0.9-tem

# 设置默认版本
sdk default java 17.0.9-tem

Windows环境配置

# 使用Chocolatey安装JDK
# 安装Chocolatey（如果未安装）
Set-ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Scope Process -Force; [System.Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [System.Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol -bor 3072; iex ((New-Object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://community.chocolatey.org/install.ps1'))

# 安装JDK 17
choco install openjdk17

# 安装JDK 21
choco install openjdk21

# 设置环境变量
[Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable("JAVA_HOME", "C:Program FilesEclipse Adoptiumjdk-17.0.9.9-hotspot", "Machine")
[Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable("PATH", $env:PATH + ";$env:JAVA_HOMEbin", "Machine")

3. JVM参数优化

开发环境JVM参数

# 开发环境JVM参数配置
export JAVA_OPTS="-Xms512m -Xmx2g -XX:+UseG1GC -XX:MaxGCPauseMillis=200 -XX:+UseStringDeduplication -XX:+OptimizeStringConcat -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 -Duser.timezone=Asia/Shanghai"

# 详细参数说明
# -Xms512m: 初始堆内存大小
# -Xmx2g: 最大堆内存大小
# -XX:+UseG1GC: 使用G1垃圾收集器
# -XX:MaxGCPauseMillis=200: 最大GC暂停时间
# -XX:+UseStringDeduplication: 字符串去重
# -XX:+OptimizeStringConcat: 字符串连接优化
# -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8: 文件编码
# -Duser.timezone=Asia/Shanghai: 时区设置

生产环境JVM参数

# 生产环境JVM参数配置
export JAVA_OPTS="-Xms2g -Xmx8g -XX:+UseG1GC -XX:MaxGCPauseMillis=100 -XX:+UseStringDeduplication -XX:+OptimizeStringConcat -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError -XX:HeapDumpPath=/var/logs/heapdump.hprof -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 -Duser.timezone=Asia/Shanghai -Dspring.profiles.active=prod"

# 生产环境额外参数
# -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError: OOM时生成堆转储
# -XX:HeapDumpPath: 堆转储文件路径
# -Dspring.profiles.active=prod: 激活生产环境配置

Maven配置与优化

1. Maven安装与配置

安装Maven

# 使用SDKMAN安装Maven
sdk install maven 3.9.6

# 或者手动安装
wget https://archive.apache.org/dist/maven/maven-3/3.9.6/binaries/apache-maven-3.9.6-bin.tar.gz
tar -xzf apache-maven-3.9.6-bin.tar.gz
sudo mv apache-maven-3.9.6 /opt/maven

# 设置环境变量
export MAVEN_HOME=/opt/maven
export PATH=$PATH:$MAVEN_HOME/bin

Maven配置文件


"1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<settings xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/SETTINGS/1.0.0"
          xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
          xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/SETTINGS/1.0.0 
          http://maven.apache.org/xsd/settings-1.0.0.xsd">

    
    <localRepository>${user.home}/.m2/repositorylocalRepository>

    
    <servers>
        <server>
            <id>nexusid>
            <username>adminusername>
            <password>admin123password>
        server>
    servers>

    
    <mirrors>
        <mirror>
            <id>aliyunid>
            <name>Aliyun Mavenname>
            <url>https://maven.aliyun.com/repository/publicurl>
            <mirrorOf>centralmirrorOf>
        mirror>
    mirrors>

    
    <profiles>
        <profile>
            <id>jdk-17id>
            <activation>
                <activeByDefault>trueactiveByDefault>
                <jdk>17jdk>
            activation>
            <properties>
                <maven.compiler.source>17maven.compiler.source>
                <maven.compiler.target>17maven.compiler.target>
                <maven.compiler.compilerVersion>17maven.compiler.compilerVersion>
            properties>
        profile>
    profiles>

    
    <activeProfiles>
        <activeProfile>jdk-17activeProfile>
    activeProfiles>
settings>

2. Maven项目配置

父POM配置


"1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 
         http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0modelVersion>

    <groupId>com.examplegroupId>
    <artifactId>user-management-systemartifactId>
    <version>1.0.0version>
    <packaging>pompackaging>

    <name>User Management Systemname>
    <description>基于Spring Boot和Nacos的用户管理系统description>

    <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>17maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>17maven.compiler.target>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8project.reporting.outputEncoding>
        
        
        <spring-boot.version>3.2.0spring-boot.version>
        <spring-cloud.version>2023.0.0spring-cloud.version>
        <spring-cloud-alibaba.version>2022.0.0.0spring-cloud-alibaba.version>
        <nacos.version>2.3.0nacos.version>
        <mysql.version>8.0.33mysql.version>
        <mybatis-plus.version>3.5.4mybatis-plus.version>
        <druid.version>1.2.20druid.version>
        <lombok.version>1.18.30lombok.version>
        <mapstruct.version>1.5.5.Finalmapstruct.version>
        <junit.version>5.10.0junit.version>
        <mockito.version>5.6.0mockito.version>
    properties>

    <modules>
        <module>user-servicemodule>
        <module>order-servicemodule>
        <module>payment-servicemodule>
        <module>commonmodule>
    modules>

    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.bootgroupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-dependenciesartifactId>
                <version>${spring-boot.version}version>
                <type>pomtype>
                <scope>importscope>
            dependency>

            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloudgroupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependenciesartifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud.version}version>
                <type>pomtype>
                <scope>importscope>
            dependency>

            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.alibaba.cloudgroupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-alibaba-dependenciesartifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud-alibaba.version}version>
                <type>pomtype>
                <scope>importscope>
            dependency>

            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>mysqlgroupId>
                <artifactId>mysql-connector-javaartifactId>
                <version>${mysql.version}version>
            dependency>

            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.baomidougroupId>
                <artifactId>mybatis-plus-boot-starterartifactId>
                <version>${mybatis-plus.version}version>
            dependency>

            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.alibabagroupId>
                <artifactId>druid-spring-boot-starterartifactId>
                <version>${druid.version}version>
            dependency>

            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.projectlombokgroupId>
                <artifactId>lombokartifactId>
                <version>${lombok.version}version>
            dependency>

            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.mapstructgroupId>
                <artifactId>mapstructartifactId>
                <version>${mapstruct.version}version>
            dependency>

            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.junit.jupitergroupId>
                <artifactId>junit-jupiterartifactId>
                <version>${junit.version}version>
                <scope>testscope>
            dependency>

            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.mockitogroupId>
                <artifactId>mockito-coreartifactId>
                <version>${mockito.version}version>
                <scope>testscope>
            dependency>
        dependencies>
    dependencyManagement>

    <build>
        <pluginManagement>
            <plugins>
                
                <plugin>
                    <groupId>org.springframework.bootgroupId>
                    <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-pluginartifactId>
                    <version>${spring-boot.version}version>
                    <configuration>
                        <excludes>
                            <exclude>
                                <groupId>org.projectlombokgroupId>
                                <artifactId>lombokartifactId>
                            exclude>
                        excludes>
                    configuration>
                plugin>

                
                <plugin>
                    <groupId>org.apache.maven.pluginsgroupId>
                    <artifactId>maven-compiler-pluginartifactId>
                    <version>3.11.0version>
                    <configuration>
                        <source>17source>
                        <target>17target>
                        <encoding>UTF-8encoding>
                        <annotationProcessorPaths>
                            <path>
                                <groupId>org.projectlombokgroupId>
                                <artifactId>lombokartifactId>
                                <version>${lombok.version}version>
                            path>
                            <path>
                                <groupId>org.mapstructgroupId>
                                <artifactId>mapstruct-processorartifactId>
                                <version>${mapstruct.version}version>
                            path>
                        annotationProcessorPaths>
                    configuration>
                plugin>

                
                <plugin>
                    <groupId>org.apache.maven.pluginsgroupId>
                    <artifactId>maven-surefire-pluginartifactId>
                    <version>3.1.2version>
                    <configuration>
                        <includes>
                            <include>**/*Test.javainclude>
                            <include>**/*Tests.javainclude>
                        includes>
                    configuration>
                plugin>

                
                <plugin>
                    <groupId>org.apache.maven.pluginsgroupId>
                    <artifactId>maven-failsafe-pluginartifactId>
                    <version>3.1.2version>
                    <configuration>
                        <includes>
                            <include>**/*IT.javainclude>
                            <include>**/*IntegrationTest.javainclude>
                        includes>
                    configuration>
                plugin>
            plugins>
        pluginManagement>
    build>

    <profiles>
        <profile>
            <id>devid>
            <activation>
                <activeByDefault>trueactiveByDefault>
            activation>
            <properties>
                <spring.profiles.active>devspring.profiles.active>
            properties>
        profile>

        <profile>
            <id>testid>
            <properties>
                <spring.profiles.active>testspring.profiles.active>
            properties>
        profile>

        <profile>
            <id>prodid>
            <properties>
                <spring.profiles.active>prodspring.profiles.active>
            properties>
        profile>
    profiles>
project>

3. Maven插件配置

代码质量插件


<build>
    <plugins>
        
        <plugin>
            <groupId>org.apache.maven.pluginsgroupId>
            <artifactId>maven-checkstyle-pluginartifactId>
            <version>3.3.1version>
            <configuration>
                <configLocation>checkstyle.xmlconfigLocation>
                <encoding>UTF-8encoding>
                <consoleOutput>trueconsoleOutput>
                <failsOnError>truefailsOnError>
                <linkXRef>falselinkXRef>
            configuration>
            <executions>
                <execution>
                    <id>validateid>
                    <phase>validatephase>
                    <goals>
                        <goal>checkgoal>
                    goals>
                execution>
            executions>
        plugin>

        
        <plugin>
            <groupId>com.github.spotbugsgroupId>
            <artifactId>spotbugs-maven-pluginartifactId>
            <version>4.7.3.6version>
            <configuration>
                <effort>Maxeffort>
                <threshold>Lowthreshold>
                <xmlOutput>truexmlOutput>
            configuration>
            <executions>
                <execution>
                    <goals>
                        <goal>checkgoal>
                    goals>
                execution>
            executions>
        plugin>

        
        <plugin>
            <groupId>org.jacocogroupId>
            <artifactId>jacoco-maven-pluginartifactId>
            <version>0.8.10version>
            <executions>
                <execution>
                    <goals>
                        <goal>prepare-agentgoal>
                    goals>
                execution>
                <execution>
                    <id>reportid>
                    <phase>testphase>
                    <goals>
                        <goal>reportgoal>
                    goals>
                execution>
            executions>
        plugin>
    plugins>
build>

Gradle配置与优化

1. Gradle安装与配置

安装Gradle

# 使用SDKMAN安装Gradle
sdk install gradle 8.5

# 或者使用包管理器
# Ubuntu/Debian
sudo apt install gradle

# macOS
brew install gradle

# Windows
choco install gradle

Gradle配置文件

# gradle.properties
# 项目配置
org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx2048m -XX:MaxMetaspaceSize=512m -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8
org.gradle.parallel=true
org.gradle.caching=true
org.gradle.daemon=true

# 编码配置
systemProp.file.encoding=UTF-8
systemProp.user.timezone=Asia/Shanghai

# 构建配置
org.gradle.configureondemand=true
org.gradle.workers.max=4

2. Gradle项目配置

父项目build.gradle

// build.gradle
plugins {
    id 'java'
    id 'org.springframework.boot' version '3.2.0'
    id 'io.spring.dependency-management' version '1.1.4'
    id 'checkstyle'
    id 'pmd'
    id 'jacoco'
}

group = 'com.example'
version = '1.0.0'
sourceCompatibility = '17'

repositories {
    mavenCentral()
    maven { url 'https://maven.aliyun.com/repository/public' }
}

ext {
    set('springCloudVersion', "2023.0.0")
    set('springCloudAlibabaVersion', "2022.0.0.0")
    set('nacosVersion', "2.3.0")
    set('mysqlVersion', "8.0.33")
    set('mybatisPlusVersion', "3.5.4")
    set('druidVersion', "1.2.20")
    set('lombokVersion', "1.18.30")
    set('mapstructVersion', "1.5.5.Final")
    set('junitVersion', "5.10.0")
    set('mockitoVersion', "5.6.0")
}

dependencies {
    // Spring Boot
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web'
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-data-jpa'
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-validation'
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-actuator'
    
    // Spring Cloud
    implementation 'org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-starter-openfeign'
    implementation 'org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-starter-loadbalancer'
    
    // Spring Cloud Alibaba
    implementation 'com.alibaba.cloud:spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-discovery'
    implementation 'com.alibaba.cloud:spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-config'
    
    // 数据库
    implementation "mysql:mysql-connector-java:${mysqlVersion}"
    implementation "com.baomidou:mybatis-plus-boot-starter:${mybatisPlusVersion}"
    implementation "com.alibaba:druid-spring-boot-starter:${druidVersion}"
    
    // 工具类
    compileOnly "org.projectlombok:lombok:${lombokVersion}"
    annotationProcessor "org.projectlombok:lombok:${lombokVersion}"
    implementation "org.mapstruct:mapstruct:${mapstructVersion}"
    annotationProcessor "org.mapstruct:mapstruct-processor:${mapstructVersion}"
    
    // 测试
    testImplementation "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test"
    testImplementation "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter:${junitVersion}"
    testImplementation "org.mockito:mockito-core:${mockitoVersion}"
}

dependencyManagement {
    imports {
        mavenBom "org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-dependencies:${springCloudVersion}"
        mavenBom "com.alibaba.cloud:spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies:${springCloudAlibabaVersion}"
    }
}

// 代码质量配置
checkstyle {
    toolVersion = '10.12.4'
    configFile = file('checkstyle.xml')
    ignoreFailures = false
}

pmd {
    toolVersion = '6.55.0'
    ruleSetFiles = files('pmd-ruleset.xml')
    ignoreFailures = false
}

jacoco {
    toolVersion = '0.8.10'
}

jacocoTestReport {
    reports {
        xml.required = true
        html.required = true
    }
}

jacocoTestCoverageVerification {
    violationRules {
        rule {
            limit {
                minimum = 0.80
            }
        }
    }
}

// 测试配置
test {
    useJUnitPlatform()
    finalizedBy jacocoTestReport
    finalizedBy jacocoTestCoverageVerification
}

// 构建配置
build {
    dependsOn check
    dependsOn jacocoTestReport
}

IDE插件安装与配置

1. Cursor IDE插件推荐

必装插件

// .cursor/extensions.json
{
  "recommendations": [
    // Java开发
    "redhat.java",
    "vscjava.vscode-java-debug",
    "vscjava.vscode-java-test",
    "vscjava.vscode-maven",
    "vscjava.vscode-gradle",
    
    // Spring Boot
    "vmware.vscode-spring-boot",
    "pivotal.vscode-spring-boot-dashboard",
    
    // 代码质量
    "sonarsource.sonarlint-vscode",
    "ms-vscode.vscode-json",
    
    // 数据库
    "ms-mssql.mssql",
    "mtxr.sqltools",
    "mtxr.sqltools-driver-mysql",
    
    // 工具
    "ms-vscode.vscode-docker",
    "ms-kubernetes-tools.vscode-kubernetes-tools",
    "ms-vscode-remote.remote-containers",
    
    // Git
    "eamodio.gitlens",
    "mhutchie.git-graph",
    
    // 其他
    "ms-vscode.vscode-yaml",
    "redhat.vscode-xml",
    "ms-vscode.vscode-markdown"
  ]
}

插件配置

// .cursor/settings.json
{
  // Java配置
  "java.configuration.updateBuildConfiguration": "automatic",
  "java.compile.nullAnalysis.mode": "automatic",
  "java.format.settings.url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/google/styleguide/gh-pages/eclipse-java-google-style.xml",
  "java.format.settings.profile": "GoogleStyle",
  
  // Spring Boot配置
  "spring-boot.ls.java.home": "/usr/lib/jvm/java-17-openjdk",
  "spring-boot.ls.java.vmargs": "-Xmx1024m",
  
  // 代码质量配置
  "sonarlint.connectedMode.servers": [
    {
      "serverId": "sonarqube",
      "serverUrl": "http://localhost:9000",
      "token": "your-token"
    }
  ],
  
  // 数据库配置
  "sqltools.connections": [
    {
      "name": "MySQL Local",
      "driver": "MySQL",
      "server": "localhost",
      "port": 3306,
      "database": "userdb",
      "username": "root",
      "password": "password"
    }
  ],
  
  // Git配置
  "gitlens.codeLens.enabled": true,
  "gitlens.currentLine.enabled": true,
  "gitlens.hovers.currentLine.over": "line",
  
  // 编辑器配置
  "editor.formatOnSave": true,
  "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
    "source.organizeImports": true,
    "source.fixAll": true
  },
  
  // 文件配置
  "files.autoSave": "afterDelay",
  "files.autoSaveDelay": 1000,
  "files.encoding": "utf8",
  "files.eol": "n"
}

2. 代码格式化配置

Checkstyle配置


"1.0"?>
module PUBLIC
    "-//Checkstyle//DTD Checkstyle Configuration 1.3//EN"
    "https://checkstyle.org/dtds/configuration_1_3.dtd">

<module name="Checker">
    <property name="charset" value="UTF-8"/>
    <property name="severity" value="warning"/>
    <property name="fileExtensions" value="java, properties, xml"/>
    
    
    <module name="BeforeExecutionExclusionFileFilter">
        <property name="fileNamePattern" value="module-info.java$"/>
    module>
    
    
    <module name="FileLength">
        <property name="max" value="2000"/>
    module>
    
    
    <module name="LineLength">
        <property name="fileExtensions" value="java"/>
        <property name="max" value="120"/>
    module>
    
    
    <module name="TreeWalker">
        
        <module name="AvoidStarImport"/>
        <module name="IllegalImport"/>
        <module name="RedundantImport"/>
        <module name="UnusedImports"/>
        
        
        <module name="ConstantName"/>
        <module name="LocalFinalVariableName"/>
        <module name="LocalVariableName"/>
        <module name="MemberName"/>
        <module name="MethodName"/>
        <module name="PackageName"/>
        <module name="ParameterName"/>
        <module name="StaticVariableName"/>
        <module name="TypeName"/>
        
        
        <module name="MethodLength">
            <property name="max" value="150"/>
        module>
        <module name="ParameterNumber">
            <property name="max" value="7"/>
        module>
        
        
        <module name="EmptyForIteratorPad"/>
        <module name="GenericWhitespace"/>
        <module name="MethodParamPad"/>
        <module name="NoWhitespaceAfter"/>
        <module name="NoWhitespaceBefore"/>
        <module name="OperatorWrap"/>
        <module name="ParenPad"/>
        <module name="TypecastParenPad"/>
        <module name="WhitespaceAfter"/>
        <module name="WhitespaceAround"/>
        
        
        <module name="ModifierOrder"/>
        <module name="RedundantModifier"/>
        
        
        <module name="AvoidNestedBlocks"/>
        <module name="EmptyBlock"/>
        <module name="LeftCurly"/>
        <module name="NeedBraces"/>
        <module name="RightCurly"/>
        
        
        <module name="EmptyStatement"/>
        <module name="EqualsHashCode"/>
        <module name="HiddenField"/>
        <module name="IllegalInstantiation"/>
        <module name="InnerAssignment"/>
        <module name="MagicNumber"/>
        <module name="MissingSwitchDefault"/>
        <module name="MultipleVariableDeclarations"/>
        <module name="SimplifyBooleanExpression"/>
        <module name="SimplifyBooleanReturn"/>
        
        
        <module name="DesignForExtension"/>
        <module name="FinalClass"/>
        <module name="HideUtilityClassConstructor"/>
        <module name="InterfaceIsType"/>
        <module name="VisibilityModifier"/>
        
        
        <module name="ArrayTypeStyle"/>
        <module name="FinalParameters"/>
        <module name="TodoComment"/>
        <module name="UpperEll"/>
    module>
module>

数据库环境配置

1. MySQL安装与配置

Docker方式安装

# docker-compose.yml
version: '3.8'

services:
  mysql:
    image: mysql:8.0
    container_name: mysql-dev
    restart: always
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: root123
      MYSQL_DATABASE: userdb
      MYSQL_USER: appuser
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: app123
    ports:
      - "3306:3306"
    volumes:
      - mysql_data:/var/lib/mysql
      - ./mysql/conf.d:/etc/mysql/conf.d
      - ./mysql/init:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d
    command: --default-authentication-plugin=mysql_native_password

  redis:
    image: redis:7-alpine
    container_name: redis-dev
    restart: always
    ports:
      - "6379:6379"
    volumes:
      - redis_data:/data

volumes:
  mysql_data:
  redis_data:

MySQL配置文件

# mysql/conf.d/mysql.cnf
[mysqld]
# 基本配置
default-storage-engine=INNODB
character-set-server=utf8mb4
collation-server=utf8mb4_unicode_ci

# 连接配置
max_connections=1000
max_connect_errors=1000
wait_timeout=28800
interactive_timeout=28800

# 缓存配置
innodb_buffer_pool_size=1G
innodb_log_file_size=256M
innodb_log_buffer_size=16M
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1

# 查询缓存
query_cache_type=1
query_cache_size=64M
query_cache_limit=2M

# 慢查询日志
slow_query_log=1
slow_query_log_file=/var/log/mysql/slow.log
long_query_time=2

# 二进制日志
log-bin=mysql-bin
binlog_format=ROW
expire_logs_days=7

2. Redis安装与配置

Redis配置文件

# redis.conf
# 基本配置
bind 0.0.0.0
port 6379
timeout 0
tcp-keepalive 300

# 内存配置
maxmemory 512mb
maxmemory-policy allkeys-lru

# 持久化配置
save 900 1
save 300 10
save 60 10000

# 日志配置
loglevel notice
logfile /var/log/redis/redis.log

# 安全配置
requirepass redis123

开发工具链配置

1. Git配置

Git全局配置

# 基本配置
git config --global user.name "Your Name"
git config --global user.email "your.email@example.com"
git config --global init.defaultBranch main

# 编辑器配置
git config --global core.editor "cursor --wait"
git config --global core.autocrlf input
git config --global core.safecrlf true

# 别名配置
git config --global alias.st status
git config --global alias.co checkout
git config --global alias.br branch
git config --global alias.ci commit
git config --global alias.unstage 'reset HEAD --'
git config --global alias.last 'log -1 HEAD'
git config --global alias.visual '!cursor'

# 颜色配置
git config --global color.ui auto
git config --global color.branch auto
git config --global color.diff auto
git config --global color.status auto

# 推送配置
git config --global push.default simple
git config --global push.autoSetupRemote true

Git钩子配置

#!/bin/sh
# .git/hooks/pre-commit

# 运行代码检查
echo "Running code quality checks..."

# 运行Checkstyle
mvn checkstyle:check
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    echo "Checkstyle check failed!"
    exit 1
fi

# 运行SpotBugs
mvn spotbugs:check
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    echo "SpotBugs check failed!"
    exit 1
fi

# 运行测试
mvn test
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    echo "Tests failed!"
    exit 1
fi

echo "All checks passed!"

2. Docker配置

Dockerfile模板

# Dockerfile
FROM openjdk:17-jdk-slim

# 设置工作目录
WORKDIR /app

# 复制Maven包装器
COPY .mvn/ .mvn
COPY mvnw pom.xml ./

# 下载依赖
RUN ./mvnw dependency:go-offline -B

# 复制源代码
COPY src ./src

# 构建应用
RUN ./mvnw clean package -DskipTests

# 运行应用
EXPOSE 8080
CMD ["java", "-jar", "target/*.jar"]

Docker Compose开发环境

# docker-compose.dev.yml
version: '3.8'

services:
  app:
    build: .
    ports:
      - "8080:8080"
    environment:
      - SPRING_PROFILES_ACTIVE=dev
      - NACOS_SERVER=nacos:8848
      - MYSQL_HOST=mysql
      - REDIS_HOST=redis
    depends_on:
      - mysql
      - redis
      - nacos
    volumes:
      - ./logs:/app/logs

  mysql:
    image: mysql:8.0
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: root123
      MYSQL_DATABASE: userdb
    ports:
      - "3306:3306"
    volumes:
      - mysql_data:/var/lib/mysql

  redis:
    image: redis:7-alpine
    ports:
      - "6379:6379"
    volumes:
      - redis_data:/data

  nacos:
    image: nacos/nacos-server:v2.3.0
    environment:
      MODE: standalone
      SPRING_DATASOURCE_PLATFORM: mysql
      MYSQL_SERVICE_HOST: mysql
      MYSQL_SERVICE_DB_NAME: nacos
      MYSQL_SERVICE_USER: root
      MYSQL_SERVICE_PASSWORD: root123
    ports:
      - "8848:8848"
    depends_on:
      - mysql

volumes:
  mysql_data:
  redis_data:

环境验证与测试

1. 环境验证脚本

#!/bin/bash
# verify-environment.sh

echo "=== Java开发环境验证 ==="

# 检查Java版本
echo "1. 检查Java版本..."
java -version
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo " Java安装成功"
else
    echo " Java安装失败"
    exit 1
fi

# 检查Maven版本
echo "2. 检查Maven版本..."
mvn -version
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo " Maven安装成功"
else
    echo " Maven安装失败"
    exit 1
fi

# 检查Git版本
echo "3. 检查Git版本..."
git --version
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo " Git安装成功"
else
    echo " Git安装失败"
    exit 1
fi

# 检查Docker版本
echo "4. 检查Docker版本..."
docker --version
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo " Docker安装成功"
else
    echo " Docker安装失败"
    exit 1
fi

# 检查数据库连接
echo "5. 检查数据库连接..."
mysql -h localhost -u root -p -e "SELECT 1" 2>/dev/null
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo " MySQL连接成功"
else
    echo " MySQL连接失败"
fi

# 检查Redis连接
echo "6. 检查Redis连接..."
redis-cli ping 2>/dev/null
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo " Redis连接成功"
else
    echo " Redis连接失败"
fi

echo "=== 环境验证完成 ==="

2. 项目初始化测试

#!/bin/bash
# init-project.sh

echo "=== 项目初始化测试 ==="

# 创建测试项目
echo "1. 创建测试项目..."
mvn archetype:generate 
    -DgroupId=com.example.test 
    -DartifactId=test-project 
    -DarchetypeArtifactId=maven-archetype-quickstart 
    -DinteractiveMode=false

if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo " 项目创建成功"
else
    echo " 项目创建失败"
    exit 1
fi

# 进入项目目录
cd test-project

# 编译项目
echo "2. 编译项目..."
mvn clean compile
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo " 项目编译成功"
else
    echo " 项目编译失败"
    exit 1
fi

# 运行测试
echo "3. 运行测试..."
mvn test
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo " 测试运行成功"
else
    echo " 测试运行失败"
    exit 1
fi

# 打包项目
echo "4. 打包项目..."
mvn package
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo " 项目打包成功"
else
    echo " 项目打包失败"
    exit 1
fi

# 清理测试项目
cd ..
rm -rf test-project

echo "=== 项目初始化测试完成 ==="

性能优化建议

1. JVM性能调优

开发环境调优

# 开发环境JVM参数
export JAVA_OPTS_DEV="-Xms512m -Xmx2g -XX:+UseG1GC -XX:MaxGCPauseMillis=200 -XX:+UseStringDeduplication -XX:+OptimizeStringConcat -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 -Duser.timezone=Asia/Shanghai -Dspring.profiles.active=dev"

# 启用调试信息
export JAVA_OPTS_DEV="$JAVA_OPTS_DEV -Xdebug -Xrunjdwp:transport=dt_socket,server=y,suspend=n,address=5005"

生产环境调优

# 生产环境JVM参数
export JAVA_OPTS_PROD="-Xms2g -Xmx8g -XX:+UseG1GC -XX:MaxGCPauseMillis=100 -XX:+UseStringDeduplication -XX:+OptimizeStringConcat -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError -XX:HeapDumpPath=/var/logs/heapdump.hprof -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 -Duser.timezone=Asia/Shanghai -Dspring.profiles.active=prod"

# 启用JMX监控
export JAVA_OPTS_PROD="$JAVA_OPTS_PROD -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.port=9999 -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.authenticate=false -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.ssl=false"

2. Maven性能优化

Maven配置优化


<settings>
    
    <profiles>
        <profile>
            <id>performanceid>
            <properties>
                <maven.compiler.fork>truemaven.compiler.fork>
                <maven.compiler.maxmem>1024mmaven.compiler.maxmem>
                <maven.test.skip>falsemaven.test.skip>
                <maven.javadoc.skip>truemaven.javadoc.skip>
            properties>
        profile>
    profiles>
    
    <activeProfiles>
        <activeProfile>performanceactiveProfile>
    activeProfiles>
settings>

构建优化脚本

#!/bin/bash
# build-optimized.sh

echo "=== 优化构建开始 ==="

# 清理并跳过测试构建
echo "1. 快速构建（跳过测试）..."
mvn clean package -DskipTests -T 4C

# 运行测试
echo "2. 运行测试..."
mvn test -T 4C

# 生成报告
echo "3. 生成报告..."
mvn site -T 4C

echo "=== 优化构建完成 ==="

常见问题与解决方案

1. 环境配置问题

问题1：Java版本不匹配

# 症状：编译时出现版本错误
# 错误信息：Source option 17 is no longer supported. Use 21 or later.

# 解决方案：
# 1. 检查JAVA_HOME环境变量
echo $JAVA_HOME

# 2. 更新Maven编译器配置
# 在pom.xml中设置正确的Java版本

    17
    17

问题2：Maven依赖下载失败

# 症状：依赖下载超时或失败
# 错误信息：Could not transfer artifact

# 解决方案：
# 1. 配置阿里云镜像
# 在settings.xml中添加镜像配置

    
        <id>aliyun
        Aliyun Maven
        https://maven.aliyun.com/repository/public
        central
    


# 2. 清理本地仓库
mvn dependency:purge-local-repository

2. 开发工具问题

问题3：Cursor IDE插件冲突

// 解决方案：禁用冲突插件
{
  "extensions.ignoreRecommendations": false,
  "extensions.autoUpdate": false,
  "java.configuration.runtimes": [
    {
      "name": "JavaSE-17",
      "path": "/usr/lib/jvm/java-17-openjdk"
    }
  ]
}

问题4：数据库连接问题

# 解决方案：检查数据库配置
spring:
  datasource:
    url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/userdb?useSSL=false&serverTimezone=Asia/Shanghai&allowPublicKeyRetrieval=true
    username: root
    password: password
    driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
    hikari:
      maximum-pool-size: 20
      minimum-idle: 5
      connection-timeout: 30000
      idle-timeout: 600000
      max-lifetime: 1800000

总结

通过本章的学习，我们完成了Java开发环境的全面配置，包括：

核心配置

JDK环境：多版本管理、JVM参数优化
构建工具：Maven/Gradle配置、插件管理
IDE集成：Cursor IDE插件、代码质量工具
数据库环境：MySQL、Redis配置
开发工具链：Git、Docker配置

最佳实践

版本管理：使用SDKMAN等工具管理多版本
性能优化：合理的JVM参数和构建配置
代码质量：集成Checkstyle、SpotBugs等工具
环境隔离：使用Docker进行环境隔离
自动化：脚本化环境验证和项目初始化

关键优势

标准化：统一的开发环境配置
高效性：优化的构建和运行性能
可维护性：清晰的配置管理和文档
可扩展性：支持团队协作和CI/CD集成

在下一节中，我们将学习MCP服务器的安装与配置，为MCP在Java项目中的应用做好准备。通过系统性的环境配置，我们能够充分发挥MCP和Cursor IDE的强大功能，实现高效的Java开发。

下一节预告：我们将详细介绍MCP服务器的安装与配置，包括服务器选择、配置管理、连接建立等，为MCP在Java项目中的应用奠定坚实基础。

第一章-第三节-Java开发环境配置

第一章 第三节：Java开发环境配置

引言